Contrastive Conjunction and Modal Perfect

Types of conjunction

Different types of conjunctions link information in different ways. It is important to know which conjunctions establish which types of links.

There are five main types of conjunction in English.

1. Conjunctions of addition and replacement

Additive conjunctions simply add more information to what is already there. Examples of additive conjunctions include:

and, also, in addition, not only … but also, moreover, further, besides.

A boy in this picture presuppose about how if he had a money ? he will buy a car for himself. In this material i will show you a configuration from the 2nd and 3rd conditional sentence.

1. 2nd Conditional Sentences

a. Definition:

2nd conditional (also called conditional type 2) is a structure used for talking about unreal situations in the present or in the future. This page will explain how the second conditional is formed, and when to use it.  (Contrary-fact)

                                          

Explanation Text

Explanation text Is a text that contains the processes associated with natural phenomena, social, science, culture and more. An Explanation text is usually derived from the corresponding author of the question 'why' and 'how' of a phenomenon.

                Communicative purpose of the Explanation text is to explain the processes that occur in the formation or activity associated with natural phenomena, social, science, culture, and others that aim to explain. 

 

Passive Sentence

 

In the passive sentence, the object of an active verb becomes the subject of the passive verb.Only transitive verbs are used in the passive.
Intransitive verbs such as happen, sleep, come and seem cannot be used in the passive.


When rewriting active sentences in passive voice, note the following:
• the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence
• the finite form of the verb is changed (to be + past participle)
• the subject of the active sentence becomes the object of the passive sentence (or is dropped)

Agent
In a passive clause, we usually use a phrase beginning with by if we want to mention the agent - the person or thing that does the action, or that causes what happens.If you want to change an active sentence which has two objects into its passive forms, there are two ways:
1. Make its indirect object into the subject of the passive sentence.
2. Make its direct object into the subject of the passive sentence.Pattern: be + past participle

Passive voice is a grammatical voice in which the subject receives the action of a transitive verb, and passive refers more generally to verbs using this construction and the passages in which they are used.
The Generic Structure/Formula :

Direct and Indirect Speech

 

Direct Speech refers to reproducing another person’s exact words or saying exactly what someone has said (sometimes called quoted speech)

We use quotation marks “……………………………………” and it should be word for word.

Example : Rivan said “she’s smart”.

                                    Or

                “She is smart”, Rivan said.

Complaining and Giving Instruction

Giving instruction

The Definition of Giving Instruction

Giving instruction is an expression that is used in order that order that other person does what we instruct or request, or giving imperative to other people for to do or not to do something, Giving instruction sometimes called comperative/prohibition.
NOTE:
The tense used in giving instruction is “SIMPLE PRESENT”

Making Suggestion and Requesting Something

Making Suggestion is how you express your suggestion to someone.

There are a number of ways used when making suggestions :

1)            WHAT ABOUT/HOW ABOUT ... + Base form + -ING

          • What about going to the swimming pool tomorrow?

          •  How about going to the swimming pool tomorrow?

2)            WHY + Negative

          •  Why don't we go to the swimming pool tomorrow?

3)        

Discussion Text

 
Discussion is a text which presents a problematic discourse. This problem will be discussed from different points of view. It presents pro and contra opinion on certain issue. The purpose of a discussion text is to present arguments and information from differing viewpoints.


Discussion texts are usually written in the present tense.

Points to check:


Have you been fair to both sides?
Have you supported your views with reasons ande vidence?
In your conclusion, have you given a reason for what you have decided?


Structure of a discussion are:

Issue : contains of statement and preview about something.
Arguments for/Supporting arguments : after stating the issue, it is necessary to present the argument to support that one point is agreeing.
Arguments against : beside the supporting argument, discussion text need the arguments which disagree to the stated issue.
Recommendation/conclusion : It is used to tell how to solve issue by concerning the arguements for and against.


Language Features of Discussion Text

· Introducing category or generic participant
· Relating verb/to be: is, am, are, etc
· Using thinking verb: feel, hope, believe, etc
· Using additive, contrastive, and causal connection: similarly, on the hand, however, etc
· Using modalities: must, should, could, may, etc
· Using adverbial of manner: deliberately, hopefully, etc
· Conjunction/transition: although, even, if, etc

Bringing Mobile Phone To School

[Issue] Students are not allowed to bring mobile phone to school. The reasons why they shouldn't bring mobile phone are: avoiding losing mobile phone and disturbing the lesson time.

[Argument against] This policy causes parents to react. Some of them disagrees. They think students need to bring mobile phone in order to be easy checked and controlled. Some parents say that they may call their children every break time to check whether they are in the school or not. Other parents state that they don't want their children to come home late. By bringing mobile phone they are able to call their children after school off.

[Argument against] Students also have some objections. They need mobile phone to tell their family to pick them up after school. Beside that, they need mobile phone to access the internet to search some information they need during the lesson.

[Argument for] But, some other parents think differently. The parents agrees if the school prohibits students to bring mobile phone. They say that bringing mobile phone to school is useless. They are afraid their students are busy with their mobile phone. They are only calling, sending text, chatting and receiving inappropriate file during the school time. They are also worried if the mobile phone is missing.

[Recommendation] By hearing to those arguments, the school decide some policies. The policies state that students may bring mobile phone but they should leave their mobile phone in the teachers' room. They may take their mobile phone after school time.

Narrative Text

Narrative text is a text that purpose to amuse or to entertain the reader or the listener and deal with actual or vicarious experience in different ways to the reader or listener.other function of narrative text is for education

Generic Structure

•       Orientation    : It is about the opening paragraph where the characters, setting and time of the story are established.

•       Complication : When the problems in the story arise an involves main character.

•       Resolution      : The problems are solved  (better or worse).

Bussines Letter

The block format is the simplest format; all of the writing is flush against the left margin.

Your Address 1

The return address of the sender so the recipient can easily find out where to send a reply to.

•       British English

Position        : In the top right corner of the letter.

•          American English

Position        : In the top left corner, below the date, or at the end of the letter (below the signature)

Asking about Possibilities, Expressing Curiosity and Desire, Expressing Views

Asking About Possibilities

To know, to find, to inform possibilities the following phrases might be useful.

Do you think it is possible

Admitting Mistakes and Making Promises

  
Admitting Mistakes

   Admitting mistake is the way to admit and ask for a sorry of your mistake.

Note :

   Mistake is a misunderstanding or misconception or an error in action, calculation, opinion, or judgement caused by poor reasoning, carelessness, insufficient knowledge, etc.

   When you have a mistake to someone you need to plead your mistake, so the problem will be clear.

Blamming and Accusing Someone

 

Blaming ( menyalahkan )

Blaming : when someone said that person did a mistake that should be her/his responsibility, like choosing wrong way.

Blaming is an expression that is used to say on somebody the responsibility for something done (badly or wrongly) or not done: He blamed his teacher for his failure.

Blaming is finding fault: if you don’t do the work well, you will incur.

Persuading and Encouraging, Preventing Someone from Doing Something

Persuading
 

persuading is expressions to make someone agree to do something, make someone do or believe something by giving them a good reason to do it or by talking to them and making them believe it. the act of influencing the mind by arguments  or reasons offered, with anything that moves the mind.